Adding Binary Cache Servers

We have introduced the concepts of Nix Store and binary cache. Here, we will see how to add multiple cache servers to speed up package downloads.

Why Add Cache Servers

Nix provides an official cache server, https://cache.nixos.org, which caches build results for most commonly used packages. However, it may not meet all users' needs. In the following cases, we need to add additional cache servers:

Add cache servers for some third-party projects, such as the nix-community cache server https://nix-community.cachix.org, which can significantly improve the build speed of these third-party projects.
Add cache server mirror sites closest to the user to speed up downloads.
Add a self-built cache server to speed up the build process of personal projects.

How to Add Cache Servers

In Nix, you can configure cache servers using the following options:

substituters: It is a string list, and each string is the address of a cache server. Nix will attempt to find caches from these servers in the order specified in the list.
trusted-public-keys: To prevent malicious attacks, The require-sigs option is enabled by default. Only caches with signatures that can be verified by any public key in trusted-public-keys will be used by Nix. Therefore, you need to add the public key corresponding to the substituters in trusted-public-keys.
1. cache mirror's data are directly synchronized from the official cache server. Therefore, their public keys are the same as those of the official cache server, and you can use the public key of the official cache server without additional configuration.
2. This entirely trust-based public key verification mechanism transfers the security responsibility to users. If users want to use a third-party cache server to speed up the build process of a certain library, they must take on the corresponding security risks and decide whether to add the public key of that cache server to trusted-public-keys. To completely solve this trust issue, Nix has introduced the experimental feature ca-derivations, which does not depend on trusted-public-keys for signature verification. Interested users can explore it further.

You can configure the substituters and trusted-public-keys parameters in the following ways:

Configure in /etc/nix/nix.conf, a global configuration that affects all users.
1. You can use nix.settings.substituters and nix.settings.trusted-public-keys in any NixOS Module to declaratively generate /etc/nix/nix.conf.
Configure in the flake.nix of a flake project using nixConfig.substituters. This configuration only affects the current flake.
Temporarily set through the --option parameter of the nix command, and this configuration only applies to the current command.

Among these three methods, except for the first global configuration, the other two are temporary configurations. If multiple methods are used simultaneously, later configurations will directly override earlier ones.

However, there are security risks in temporarily setting substituters, as explained earlier regarding the deficiencies of the security verification mechanism based on trusted-public-keys. To set substituters through the second and third methods, you need to meet one of the following conditions:

The current user is included in the trusted-users parameter list in /etc/nix/nix.conf.
The substituters specified temporarily via --option substituters "http://xxx" are included in the trusted-substituters parameter list in /etc/nix/nix.conf.

Based on the above information, the following are examples of the three configuration methods mentioned earlier.

Firstly, declaratively configure system-level substituters and trusted-public-keys using nix.settings in /etc/nixos/configuration.nix or any NixOS Module:

nix

{
  lib,
  ...
}: {

  # ...
  nix.settings = {
    # given the users in this list the right to specify additional substituters via:
    #    1. `nixConfig.substituters` in `flake.nix`
    #    2. command line args `--options substituters http://xxx`
    trusted-users = ["ryan"];

    substituters = [
      # cache mirror located in China
      # status: https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/
      "https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"
      # status: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/status/
      # "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"

      "https://cache.nixos.org"
    ];

    trusted-public-keys = [
      # the default public key of cache.nixos.org, it's built-in, no need to add it here
      "cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY="
    ];
  };

}

The second method is to configure substituters and trusted-public-keys using nixConfig in flake.nix:

As mentioned earlier, it is essential to configure nix.settings.trusted-users in this configuration. Otherwise, the substituters we set here will not take effect.

nix

{
  description = "NixOS configuration of Ryan Yin";

  # the nixConfig here only affects the flake itself, not the system configuration!
  nixConfig = {
    # override the default substituters
    substituters = [
      # cache mirror located in China
      # status: https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/
      "https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"
      # status: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/status/
      # "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"

      "https://cache.nixos.org"

      # nix community's cache server
      "https://nix-community.cachix.org"
    ];
    trusted-public-keys = [
      # nix community's cache server public key
      "nix-community.cachix.org-1:mB9FSh9qf2dCimDSUo8Zy7bkq5CX+/rkCWyvRCYg3Fs="
    ];
  };

  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-24.11";

    # omitting several configurations...
  };

  outputs = inputs@{
      self,
      nixpkgs,
      ...
  }: {
    nixosConfigurations = {
      my-nixos = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = "x86_64-linux";
        modules = [
          ./hardware-configuration.nix
          ./configuration.nix

          {
            # given the users in this list the right to specify additional substituters via:
            #    1. `nixConfig.substituters` in `flake.nix`
            nix.settings.trusted-users = [ "ryan" ];
          }
          # omitting several configurations...
       ];
      };
    };
  };
}

Finally, the third method involves using the following command to temporarily specify substituters and trusted-public-keys during deployment:

bash

sudo nixos-rebuild switch --option substituters "https://nix-community.cachix.org" --option trusted-public-keys "nix-community.cachix.org-1:mB9FSh9qf2dCimDSUo8Zy7bkq5CX+/rkCWyvRCYg3Fs="

Choose one of the above three methods for configuration and deployment. After a successful deployment, all subsequent packages will preferentially search for caches from domestic mirror sources.

If your system hostname is not my-nixos, you need to modify the name of nixosConfigurations in flake.nix or use --flake /etc/nixos#my-nixos to specify the configuration name.

The `extra-` Prefix for Nix Options Parameters

As mentioned earlier, the substituters configured by the three methods will override each other, but the ideal situation should be:

At the system level in /etc/nix/nix.conf, configure only the most generic substituters and trusted-public-keys, such as official cache servers and domestic mirror sources.
In each flake project's flake.nix, configure the substituters and trusted-public-keys specific to that project, such as non-official cache servers like nix-community.
When building a flake project, nix should merge the substituters and trusted-public-keys configured in flake.nix and /etc/nix/nix.conf.

Nix provides the extra- prefix to achieve this merging functionality.

According to the official documentation, if the value of the xxx parameter is a list, the value of extra-xxx will be appended to the end of the xxx parameter:

In other words, you can use it like this:

nix

{
  description = "NixOS configuration of Ryan Yin";

  # the nixConfig here only affects the flake itself, not the system configuration!
  nixConfig = {
    # will be appended to the system-level substituters
    extra-substituters = [
      # nix community's cache server
      "https://nix-community.cachix.org"
    ];

    # will be appended to the system-level trusted-public-keys
    extra-trusted-public-keys = [
      # nix community's cache server public key
      "nix-community.cachix.org-1:mB9FSh9qf2dCimDSUo8Zy7bkq5CX+/rkCWyvRCYg3Fs="
    ];
  };

  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-24.11";

    # omitting several configurations...
  };

  outputs = inputs@{
      self,
      nixpkgs,
      ...
  }: {
    nixosConfigurations = {
      my-nixos = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = "x86_64-linux";
        modules = [
          ./hardware-configuration.nix
          ./configuration.nix

          {
            # given the users in this list the right to specify additional substituters via:
            #    1. `nixConfig.substituters` in `flake.nix`
            nix.settings.trusted-users = [ "ryan" ];

            # the system-level substituters & trusted-public-keys
            nix.settings = {
              substituters = [
                # cache mirror located in China
                # status: https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/
                "https://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"
                # status: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/status/
                # "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store"

                "https://cache.nixos.org"
              ];

              trusted-public-keys = [
                # the default public key of cache.nixos.org, it's built-in, no need to add it here
                "cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY="
              ];
            };

          }
          # omitting several configurations...
       ];
      };
    };
  };
}

Accelerate Package Downloads via a Proxy Server

Referenced from Issue: roaming laptop: network proxy configuration - NixOS/nixpkgs Although it's mentioned earlier that a transparent proxy running on your router or local machine can completely solve the issue of slow package downloads in NixOS, the configuration is rather cumbersome and often requires additional hardware.

Some users may prefer to directly speed up package downloads by using a HTTP/Socks5 proxy running on their machine. Here's how to set it up. Using methods like export HTTPS_PROXY=http://127.0.0.1:7890 in the Terminal will not work because the actual work is done by a background process called nix-daemon, not by commands directly executed in the Terminal.

If you only need to use a proxy temporarily, you can set the proxy environment variables with the following commands:

bash

sudo mkdir /run/systemd/system/nix-daemon.service.d/
cat << EOF >/run/systemd/system/nix-daemon.service.d/override.conf
[Service]
Environment="https_proxy=socks5h://localhost:7891"
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart nix-daemon

After deploying this configuration, you can check if the environment variables have been set by running sudo cat /proc/$(pidof nix-daemon)/environ | tr '\0' '\n'.

The settings in /run/systemd/system/nix-daemon.service.d/override.conf will be automatically deleted when the system restarts, or you can manually delete it and restart the nix-daemon service to restore the original settings.

If you want to permanently set the proxy, it is recommended to save the above commands as a shell script and run it each time the system starts. Alternatively, you can use a transparent proxy or TUN and other global proxy solutions.

There are also people in the community who permanently set the proxy for nix-daemon in a declarative way using systemd.services.nix-daemon.environment. However, if the proxy encounters problems, it will be very troublesome. Nix-daemon will not work properly, and most Nix commands will not run correctly. Moreover, the configuration of systemd itself is set to read-only protection, making it difficult to modify or delete the proxy settings. So, it is not recommended to use this method.

When using some commercial or public proxies, you might encounter HTTP 403 errors when downloading from GitHub (as described in nixos-and-flakes-book/issues/74). In such cases, you can try changing the proxy server or setting up access-tokens to resolve the issue.

Adding Binary Cache Servers ​

Why Add Cache Servers ​

How to Add Cache Servers ​

The extra- Prefix for Nix Options Parameters ​

Accelerate Package Downloads via a Proxy Server ​

Adding Binary Cache Servers

Why Add Cache Servers

How to Add Cache Servers

The `extra-` Prefix for Nix Options Parameters

Accelerate Package Downloads via a Proxy Server